Rainer Beck , Heinz Hilbrecht , Klaus Reinsch , Peter Völker

Solar Astronomy Handbook

Name: Solar Astronomy Handbook
Price: 6400.00 HUF
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Author: Rainer Beck
ISBN: 0943396476

Rainer Beck, Heinz Hilbrecht, Klaus Reinsch, Peter Völker - Solar Astronomy Handbook, Richmond 1995 antikvár könyv

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This book is not so much about the Sun, but about the opportunities for amateur astronomers to observe the Sun. Compared with other areas of astronomy solar observing has a number of advantages: Observation can be carried out during the day. You do not have to stay up all night and arrive at work the next day exhausted! There is an abundance of light. Unlike "Deep Sky" astronomy you actually have to discard much of the light reaching your telescope. You can set up your observatory in your own backyard - even in the city -there is no need to escape light pollution at remote locations. Observations can be made practically every clear day and some simple programs like sunspot counts can be done in just a few minutes. You do not need a monster telescope, even a small telescope will show an amazing amount of detail. The view is constantly changing, the Sun's appearance has never been, nor will it ever be exactly the same as today. This book was conceived and written by a group of German amateur observers. Each section was the responsibility of the amateur who had made that aspect of solar astronomy his specialty. The emphasis was on the practical and covers the kind of solar astronomy within the reach of most amateurs. Soon after publication it was declared by many reviewers as the "standard work" and much correspondence reached the authors from abroad requesting an English translation. In terms of content the basic infor

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ISBN:	0943396476
Kiadó:	Willmann-Bell, Inc.
Kiadás éve:	1995
Kiadás helye:	Richmond
Kötés típusa:	fűzött kemény papír
Terjedelem:	516
Nyelv:	angol
Méret:	Szélesség: 15.00 cm, Magasság: 23.50 cm
Súly:	0.00 kg
Kategória:	Természettudomány / Csillagászat / Idegennyelv / Nyelvek / Angol

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    Foreword
    The Sun and Your Safety                                  1

A Instrumentation                                            5
A.1 Choosing a Telescope                                     7
   A.1.1 Telescopes for White Light Observations             7
   A.1.2 Observation of the Sun in Projection                7
   A.1.3 Observing the Sun with Reflective Objective Filters 12
   A.1.4 Observing the Sun with Eyepiece Filters         14
   A.1.5 Conclusion                                      14
A.2 Telescope Accessories for Sun Viewing                   15
   A.2.1 Solar Projection Screen                         15
   A.2.2 Spectroscope                                    17
   A.2.3 Micrometer                                      20
       A.2.3.1 Graticule Eyepiece                        20
       A.2.3.2 Micrometer Lamella                        22
A.3 Filters                                                  25
   A.3.1 Introduction                                    25
   A.3.2 Eyepiece Filters                                25
   A.3.3 Objective Filters                               26
   A.3.4 Helioscopes                                     29
   A.3.5 Summary                                         34
   A.3.6 Sun Viewer                                      37
       A.3.6.1 Assembly Instructions                     37
       A.3.6.2 Applications                              39


A.4 Special Instruments                                   41
   A.4.1 Spectrohelioscope                             41
       A.4.1.1 Introduction                            41
       A.4.1.2 Spectroheliograph                       41
       A.4.1.3 Spectrohelioscope                       42
       A.4.1.4 Operation of the Veio Spectrohelioscope 42
       A.4.1.5 A Scanning Spectrohelioscope by Young   43
       A.4.1.6 Spectrohelioscope Resolution            44
       A.4.1.7 Variants of the Spectrohelioscope       47
       A.4.1.8 Concluding Remarks                      48
   A.4.2 Prominence Attachment                         49
   A.4.3 Prominence Eyepiece                           53
   A.4.4 Birefringent Filters                          57
       A.4.4.1 Introduction                            57
       A.4.4.2 Operation                               57
       A.4.4.3 DayStar Filters                         59
   A.4.5 Observing the Sun by Radioastronomy           61
       A.4.5.1 Introduction                            61
       A.4.5.2 Telescope Systems                       63
       A.4.5.3 Designing a Receiver System             64
       A.4.5.4 Antenna                                 64
       A.4.5.5 Antenna Dansmission Lines               65
       A.4.5.6 Receiver                                65
       A.4.5.7 IF Amplifier                            66
       A.4.5.8 Integrator                                 66
       A.4.5.9 Amplifier and Offset Compenaator        66
       A.4.5.10 Monitor Amplifier                      68
       A.4.5.11 Power Supply                           69
       A.4.5.12 Assembly, Commissioning                70
       A.4.5.13 Observation Possibilities              70
A.5 Photography                                           73
   A.5.1 The Photographic Emulsion and its Theory      73
       A.5.1.1 Characteristic curve                    74
       A.5.1.2 Spectral sensitivity curve              76
       A.5.1.3 Gamma-time curves                       77
       A.5.1.4 Resolving power                         77
       A.5.1.5 Schwarzschild behavior                  78
       A.5.1.6 Summary                                 79
   A.5.2 Introduction to White Light Photography       79
   A.5.3 Cameras, Adapters, and Accessories            81
       A.5.3.1 Cameras                                 81


      A.5.3.2 Adapters                                83
      A.5.3.3 Accessories                               83
  A.5.1 Photographic observations of the Chromosphere 83
      A.5.4.1 Shooting technique and exposure time    84
      A.5.4.2 Choosing a photographic emulsion        85
  A.5.5 Solar Photography in Violet Light             87
  A.5.6 Dark Room Techniques                          88
      A.5.6.1 Film Processing                         88
      A.5.6.2 Paper Printing                          90
A.6 Evaluating Photographs                              93
  A.6.1 Microdensitometry/Microphotometry             93
  A.6.2 Principle of the Microdensitometer            93
  A,6.3 Working Sequence                              94
  A.6.4 Data Medium                                   94
  A.6.5 Tips on Preparation and Implementation        95
  A.6.6 Microdensitometry Applications                95
  A.6.7 Final Observations                            97
A.7 Digital Image Processing                            99
  A.7.1 Introduction                                  99
      A.7.1.1 The Image Generating System             100
      A.7.1.2 The Frame Grabber                       102
      A.7.1.3 The Personal Computer                   103
      A.7.1.4 Archiving Images                        103
      A.7.1.5 Image Processing Software               104
  A.7.2 Planning an Image Processing System           106
  A.7.3 Applications                                  107
A.8 Recording Solár Structure Movements                113
  A.8.1 Introduction                                  113
  A.8.2 Areas of Application                          113
  A.8.3 8-mm Movie Cameras                            114
  A.8.4 Film Type Availability                        117
  A.8.5 35-mm Cine-camera                             117
  A.8.6 Sequential Photographic Prints                118
      A.8.6.1 Peg Bar                                 119
      A.8.6.2 Ternplate                               120
      A.8.6.3 Sequencing the Photographic Prints      121
      A.8.6.4 Shooting the Animation Sequence         121
      A.8.6.5 Calculating Time Periods                123
  A.8.7 Video                                         125


B Solar Observation                                                                     129
B.1 Observation                                                                         131
    B.1.1 Observation Program and Note-keeping                                       131
           B.1.1.1 Introduction                                                      131
           B.1.1.2 Recording Observations                                            131
           B.1.1.3 Observation Programs                                              132
    B.1.2 Seeing                                                                     134
           B.1.2.1 Introduction                                                      134
                      Appearance                                                     134
           B.1.2.3 Defining Turbulence                                               134
           B.1.2.4 The Causes of Seeing                                              135
           B.1.2.5 Daily and Annual Cycles and Other Effects                            136
           B.1.2.6 Place of Observation                                              137
           B.1.2.7 Concluding Remarks                                                139
B.2 Sunspots                                                                            141
    B.2.1 The Structure of Sunspots                                                  141
           B.2.1.1 Introduction                                                      141
           B.2.1.2 Nomenclature                                                      141
           B.2.1.3 Poros142
           B.2.1.4 "Void Areas"                                                      142
           13.2,1.5 Unibrae                                                          142
           13.2,1.6 Ihilln.:11                                                          143
           13.2.1.7   111.ir,III                                                        143
           13.2.1•8           Bridges                                                143
           13.2.1 (1  111.11.1 I ight. Ring                                             144
           13.2.1 1()         Itright, Ring                                             144
           13.2.1 t I 1',111.1111.fli                                                   144
           11,2.1 I'.) c )t 114.1 ( 'llaracteristics                                    146
    13.2.2 '1'11.. 1)., v(.14,1)inetit of Sunspots and Sunspot Groups . . .          146
           13.2.2..1 '1 'y p i c al Development of a Large Area of Activity          146
           B.2.2.2 Sunspot Classes and Lifetime                                      152
           B.2.2.3 The Area of a Group                                               154
           B.2.2.4 Number of Individual Sunspots                                     156
           B.2.2.5 Axis Inclination                                                  157
           B.2.2.6 Relationship between the Umbra and Penumbra Areas158
           B.2.2.7 Brightness of the Umbra                                           158
           B.2.2.8 Rapid Development of Sunspot Groups                               158
    B.2.3 Classification of Sunspots and Sunspot Groups                              161
           B.2.3.1 Waldmeier Classification                                          161
           B.2.3.2 McIntosh Classification                                           163


       11,2.3.3 K üuzrl Classification                         167
       11.2.3.4 Art► Classification                            167
       11.2.3.5 Mitglietic (IvIt. Wilson) Classification       168
       13.2.3.6 Seb tilze's Umbra Classification               168
   11.2.1 Measuren►ents of Sunspot Activity                    170
       11.2.4.1 The Sunspot Number                             170
       11.2.4.2 Group Number g                                 172
       8.2.4.3 The Individual Spot Number f                    173
       13.2.4.4 Weighting Factor 10 for the Group Number         174
       8.2.4.5 Reduction Factor k                              175
       11.2.4.6 Influences on the k Factor                     177
       11.2.4.7 Area Number A                                  182
       11.2.4.8 The New Area Number According to Beck          190
       11.2.4.9 The Paderborn Sunspot Number                   192
       11.2.4.10 The Pettis Sunspot Number                     193
       11.2.1.11 The Activity Area Number                      193
   11.2.5         Changes in Sunspot Activity                  198
       11.2.5.1 Wolf Number Observer Networks                  198
       8.2.5.2 Averaging of Sunspot Numbers with Time          199
       13.2.5.3 The 11 Year Solar Activity Cycle               201
       11.2.5.4 The Waldmeier Laws                             205
       11.2.5.5 The Long Sunspot Cycle                         210
       11.2.5.6 Long-Term Sunspot Forecasting                  213
   11.2.(1 Naked-Eye Sunspot Observations                      215
       11.2.6.1 Introduction                                   215
       13.2.6.2 Systematic Observations by Unaided Eye         215
       13.2.6.3 The 11-Year Sunspot Cycle Registered by Naked-
              Eye Observations                                 216
       13.2.6.4 Visibility Limit of the Naked-Eye Sunspots . . 218
I1.:1 Position Determination                                     221
   I I :1. I lntroduction                                      221
   11.:1.2 Observation Methods                                 222
       13.3.2.1 Heliographic Coordinates                       222
       13.3.2.2 Visual Methods of Determining Positions        225
       13.3.2.3 Distortion                                     232
       B.3.2.4 Photographic Observation                        235
       B.3.2.5 Reducing the Position Coordinates to Heliographic 
              Coordinates                                      239 
       11.3.2.6 Applicd Position determination, Calculation
              Example                                          243
   11.:1,3 Suggestiolis for Evaluation                         246


       B.3.3.1 Mapping the Sun                              246
       B.3.3.2 Sunspot Distribution                         248
       B.3.3.3 Extension Measurement of Sunspot Groups       252
       B.3.3.4 Axis Inclination of Bipolar Sunspot Groups    256
       B.3.3.5 Inherent Motion in Sunspot Groups            257
       B.3.3.6 Differential Rotation                        259
B.4 Wilson Effect                                            263
   B.4.1 Historical Background                              263
   B.4.2 Present-day Problems                               265
   B.4.3 Observation Programs for the Amateur               267
       B.4.3.1 Measure of Strength of the Wilson Effect     267
       B.4.3.2 Visual Observation of the Wilson Effect      268
       B.4.3.3 Photographic Measurement of the Wilson Effect 268
   B.4.4 Evaluating Wilson Effect Observations              269
       B.4.4.1 Extent of the Umbra and Penumbra.            270
       B.4.4.2 Evaluating the "Crater Mound"                271
       B.4.4.3 Perspective Correction                       272
       B.4.4.4 Conclusion                                   273
B.5 Light Bridges                                            275
   B.5.1 Introduction                                       275
   B.5.2 General Features                                   275
   B.5.3 The Development of Light Bridges                   277
   B.5.4 The Classification of Light Bridges                280
   B.5.5 Physical Parameters                                282
   B.5.6 Suggestions for Research                           283
       B.5.6.1 Studying Visual Observations                 283
       B.5.6.2 Distribution Statistics                      284
       B.5.6.3 Position in the Magnetit Field               285
       B.5.6.4 Light Bridge Granulation                     285
B.6 Photospheric Faculae                                     287
   B.6.1 Appearance of Faculae                              287
   B.6.2 Instruments                                        288
   B.6.3 Observation                                        288
       B.6.3.1 Facula Activity                              288
       B.6.3.2 Types and Classification of Faculae          290
       B.6.3.3 Latitudinal Distribution and Position Measurement 292
       B.6.3.4 Area                                         293
       B.6.3.5 Brightness                                   294
       B.6.3.6 Lifetime of Dot-Shaped Faculae               295


         13.6.3.7 Polar Faculae                                    295
         13.6.3.8 Recording Observations                           298
11.7 t: ranulation                                                   305
   11.7.1 I utroduction                                            305
   11.7.2 Description                                              305
   11,7.:1 Development and Lifespan                                307
   11.7.1 So►ite Other Features                                    308
   13.7.5 Skart Theory of Granulation                              308
   13.7.6 Options for the Amateur                                  308

I 1.M Amateur ► Magnetic Field Observation                           309
   11.8.1 Introduction                                             309
   13.>+.2 Magnetic Field Strength                                 309
   I t   Polarity Distribution                                     310
         Applications                                              312
11.9 Solar Observation in Ha Light                                   313
   11.9.1 Iutroduction                                             313
         13.9.1.1 What is Ha?                                      315
         13.9.1.2 Ha Filters                                       316
         13.9.1.3 What does the frequently encountered expression
                "full width at half maximum" (FWHM) mean? .          317
   11.9.2 Choice of Instruments                                    317
         13.9.2.1 Spectrohelioscope                                317
         13.9.2.2 Prominence TelescopejAttachment                  318
         13.9.2.3 Lyot Filter                                      318
   11,9.3 Chromosphere                                             321
         13.9.3.1 Higtorical Background                            322
         13.9.3.2 Structures of the Quiet Chromosphere             323
         13.9.3.3 Structures of the Active Chromosphere            324
   11.9.1 l'ro►ninences/Filaments                                  326
         13.9.4.1 Observation Records                              326
         11.9.4.2 Classifications                                  329
         13.9.4.3 Types of Prominences According to Völker . .       337
         13.9.4.4 01)servation Programs                            338
         13.9.4.5 1'rcnuineuce Statistics                          342
         13.9.4.6 I il,ini nt Statistics                           347
         13.9.41 I)('I 1'1 mining the Position of Chromospheric Phe-
                11()1,1,11.∎                                         348
         13.9.1.8 I\        t he Velocities of Prominences         352
         13.9.1.9 Nleu:-.111-ihr the Velocity of Filaments         355


   B.9.5 Flares                                              359
       B.9.5.1 History                                       359
       B.9.5.2 The Flare Phenomenon                          360
       B.9.5.3 Light Curve                                   361
       B.9.5.4 Types of Flares                               362
       B.9.5.5 Observation Records                           363
       B.9.5.6 Classification                                367
       B.9.5.7 Observation Programs                          368
   B.9.6 Chromospheric Faculae (Plages)                      372
B.10 The Aurora                                                375
   B.10.1 Introduction                                       375
   B.10.2 Appearance of the Aurora                           375
   B.10.3 Source of the Aurora                               377
   B.10.4 Spectroscopy                                       380
   B.10.5 Photographing the Aurora                           381
   B.10.6 Stereoscopic photography                           382
   B.10.7 Visual Observation                                 383
   B.10.8 The Radio Aurora                                   386
   B.10.9 The Magnetic Storm                                 389
   B.10.10 Plotting of Observations                          391
   B.10.11 Conclusion                                        393

C Solar Eclipses                                             395
C.1 An Introduction to Solar Eclipses                          397
   C.1.1 Preparing an Expedition to Observe a Solar Eclipse .  397
       C.1.1.1 Long-term Preparations                        397 
       C.1.1.2 Medium-term Preparations (about one year before
              the ecfipse)                                   397
   C.1.2 Visual Observations of Total Solar Eclipses         400
   C.1.3 Photographic Observations                           402
       C.1.3.1 White Light Photographs of the Corona         402
       C.1.3.2 Filming the Corona                            408
       C.1.3.3 Evaluating the Photographs                    410
   C.1.4 Photocells                                          411
       C.1.4.1 Optoelectronic Recording of the Solar Corona • • 411 
       C.1.4.2 Optoelectronic Recording of "Shadow Bands" • • 412
   C.1.5 Meteorological Observations                         412
   C.1.6 General Photographic Data                           413


( 0 !mer vable Phenomena                                  415
   C.2.1 Flash Spectrum                                 415
   C.2.2 Corona Shapes and Parameters                   418
   C.2.3 Polarization of the Corona                     421
   C.2.4 Infrared Corona and Coronal Lines              425
       C.2.4.1 569.4 nm                                 427
       C.2.4.2 530.3 nm                                 427
       C.2.4.3 637.4 nm                                 427
   C.2.5 Phenomena in the Solar Corona                  428
   C.2.6 Movements in the Corona                        431
   C.2.7 Relationships between the Corona and Prominences 433
   C.2.8 Historic Eclipses of the Sun                   436
   C.2.9 Relativistic Light Bending                     438

1) A Survey of Solar Astronomy Literature               441

D.1 The Survey                                            443
   D.1.1 Books For Amateur Solar Observers              443
   D.1.2 Books For the Layman Published Before 1950     444
   D.1.3 Books For the Layman Published After 1950      445
   D.1.4 Monographs for professional astronomers        447
   1).1.5 Journals About the Sun                        454
    Bibliography                                          457

A Supplier Sources                                        503
   A.1 Sources                                          503
   A.2 NASA Solar Eclipse Bulletins                     506
   A.3 Daily Coronal Images                             506
   A.4 National and International Associations of Amateur Solar 
       Observers                                        507
    Index                                                 511

Solar Astronomy Handbook

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Rainer Beck

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Solar Astronomy Handbook

Solar Astronomy Handbook

Antikvár könyv

Bővebb leírás

Rainer Beck

Rainer Beck további könyvei

Vélemények a könyvről

Hírlevél feliratkozás

Központi raktár és ügyfélszolgálat

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